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論文基本資料
篇　　名	分佈式領導的意義、構面與主張
並列篇名	無並列篇名
作　　者	賴志峰
發表期刊	教育研究月刊
出版年份	2008 年
卷　　期	171 期
頁　　次	p.28~40
關鍵字
語言別	中文
中文摘要	組識有許多領導者，不只有一個領導者。領導不只存在於頂端的個人，每一個人都以一種或其他方式扮演領導者的角色。（Goleman, 2002: 14）我不只運用我擁有的全部智慧，而且還使用所能借到的所有智慧。（Wilson, 1912）領導存在於社會關係和組織，牽涉目的和方向，是一種影響的過程，也是一種功能；領導是情境的、權變的，沒有一種有效的領導公式可以應用在所有情境，應該視社會組織的本質、所追求的目標、牽涉的個人、資源和時間、領導者的特性等因素而定（Leithwood & Riehl, 2005）。在以往，學校領導經常被認為是校長這個職位，這樣的看法將領導限制在一個人，且是寂寞的領導，但在最近，集權於一人的信念已遭到挑戰，現在比以前更經常討論到分佈式領導（distributed leadership）、領導團隊和分享式領導（Southworth, 2004）。然而，改進學生學習是學校領導的重要功能，學校領導主要是由校長和教師行使，但有可能也分佈在其他人身上，包括校長領導、教師領導及分佈式領導（Leithwood & Riehl, 2005）。因此，分佈式領導將領導的權力和責任分佈於學校組織成員的身上，符合校園民主的潮流趨勢，校長、行政人員與教師之間建立更緊密的連結關係，也是將學校領導聚焦於提升學生學習的具體展現。就領導的發展階段而言，首先，Bryman（1992）將領導理論的演進區分為特質取向、型態取向、權變取向、新型領導取向；其後，Doyle與Smith（2001）則將近80年以來的領導模式，歸類為特質、行為、權變、轉型領導等四個領導理論的世代，上述兩者的分類方式較接近；最近，Jameson（2006）修正上述的分類，提出五種的領導類型，依序分別是：一、特質領導；二、行為或型態領導；三、情境或權變領導；四、轉型、交易和魅力領導；五、分佈式和分享式領導。從上述學者的分類方式可知，分佈式領導不但屬於新型領導取向，而且成為當前亟待深入探究的領導模式。 Gronn（2006）認為在領導研究的領域，相對來說，分佈式領導是新的產品（new kid on the block），然而，「分佈式領導」一詞的正式出現，是在1951年Gibb所撰寫《參與式團體的動態》（Dynamics of participative groups）一書中，在該書的第四章〈分享與領導〉中，Gibb界定獨裁式（autocratic）、家長式（paternalistic）、個人式（individualistic）和參與式（participative）等四種領導的環境，其中，前三種氛圍是由領導者決定，參與式則是由群體所決定（引自Lucia, 2004）。然而，分佈式領導的概念更可追溯至西元前1215年的《出埃及記》，Moses的岳父Jethro提出分佈式領導模式的概念給Moses做為決定的參考，Jethro說：「你這件事做得不好。你和這些百姓必都疲憊，因為這事太重，你獨自一人辦理不了。」（《出埃及記》──第十八章17-18句）Jethro認為，Moses如此領導民眾太辛苦，基於偉大的人不只讓自己發揮長處，也要讓他人成為有用的人，故建議將領導的責任分佈給其他人（引自MacBeath, Oduro, & Waterhouse, 2004），因此，分佈式領導的概念很久之前就已出現，並不是全新的概念。從百姓中挑選有才能的人，就是敬畏神、誠實無妄、恨不義之財的人，派他們做千夫長、百夫長、五十夫長、十夫長、管理百姓。請他們隨時審判百姓，大事都要呈到你這裡，小事他們自己可以審判。這樣，你就輕省些，他們也可以同當此任。（《出埃及記》──第十八章21-22句）近年來，分佈式領導受到國外學術界的重視，逐漸進行有系統地探討，然而，目前國內在此一議題之研究仍有很大的發展空間，希望透過本文之整理與歸納，達到拋磚引玉的效果。以下先針對分佈式領導的意義進行探究，再綜合目前研究的發現，分別探究分佈式領導的構面及主張，最後，提出本文的結語，以做為領導實踐和未來研究之參考。
英文摘要	No Abstract

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本文參考文獻資料：
林信榕 (2007), 校長領導與學校文化探究, 臺北市: 師大書苑. 賴志峰 (2008), 分佈式領導理論之探究—學校領導者、追隨者和情境的交互作用, 國民教育研究學報, 000(020), 0087-0113. Arrowsmith, T. (2005), Distributed leadership: Three questions, two answers, Management in Education, 19(2), 30-33. Bennett, N., Wise, C., Woods, P., & Harvey, J. A. (2003), Distributed leadership: Summary report, Retrieved October 11, 2006, from http://www.ncsl.org.uk/mediastore/image2/bennett-distributed-leadership-summary.pdf. Bennett, N., Wise, C., Woods, P., & Harvey, J. A. (2003), Distributed leadership: Full report, Nottingham, UK: National College for School Leadership. Bryman, A. (1992), Charisma and leadership in organizations, London: SAGE. Bush, T. (2003), Theories of educational leadership and management (3rd ed.), London: Paul Chapman. Daft, R. L. (2005), The leadership experience (3rd ed.), Mason, OH: South-Western. Dubrin, A. J. (2007), Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills (5th ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Elmore, R. F. (2003), A plea for strong practice, Educational Leadership, 61(3), 6-10. Fiedler, F. E. (1973), The contingency model: A reply to Ashour, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 9(3), 356-368. Friedman, A. A. (2004), Beyond mediocrity: Transformational leadership within a transactional framework, International Journal of Leadership in Education, 7(3), 203-224. Fullan, M. (2007), Understanding change, In M. Fullan (Ed.), The Jossey-Bass reader on educational leadership (2nd ed.), 169-181, San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons. Goleman, D. (2002), The new leaders: Transforming the art of leadership into the science of results, London: Little Brown. Gordon, Z. V. (2005), The effect of distributed leadership on student achievement, Central Connecticut State University, 博士論文, 未出版. Hargreaves, A., & Fink, D. (2006), Sustainable leadership, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Harris, A. (2004), Distributed leadership and school improvement: Leading or misleading?, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32(1), 11-24. Harris, A. (2007), Distributed leadership: Conceptual confusion and empirical reticence, International Journal of Leadership in Education, 10(3), 315-325. Harrison, N. L. T. (2005), The impact of distributed leadership on teachers, Indiana University, 博士論文, 未出版. Hartley, D. (2007), The emergence of distributed leadership in education: Why now?, British Journal of Educational Studies, 55(2), 202-214. HayGroup. (2004), The five pillars of distributed leadership in schools, Nottingham: National College for School Leadership. Hoerr, T. R. (2005), The art school leadership, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development. Jameson, J. (2006), Leadership in post compulsory education: Inspiring leaders of the future, London: David Fulton. Lashway, L. (2003), Distributed leadership, Alexandria, VA: National Association of Elementary School Principals. Leithwood, K. A., & Riehl, C. (2005), What do we already know about educational leadership?, In W. A. Firestone & C. Riehl (Eds.), A new agenda for research in educational leadership , 12-27, New York: Teachers College Press. Lucia, R. T. (2004), Distributed leadership: An exploratory study, Florida Atlantic University, 博士論文, 未出版. MacBeath, J., Oduro, G., & Waterhouse, J. (2004), Distributed leadership in action: A study of current practice in schools, Nottingham: National College for School Leadership. Manning, G., & Curtis, K. (2007), The art of leadership (2nd ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill. Marzano, R. J. (2005), School leadership that works: From research to results, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development. Muijs, D., & Harris, A. (2003), Teacher leadership-Improvement through empowerment? An overview of the literature, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 31(4), 437-448. Oduro, G. K. T. (2004), Distributed leadership in schools, Education Journal, 80(), 23-25. Offermann, L. R., & Scuderi, N. F. (2007), Sharing leadership: Who, what, when, and why, In B. Shamir, R. Pillai, & M. C. Bligh (Eds.), Follower-centered perspectives on leadership: A Tribute to the memory of James R. Meindl, 71-91, Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. Owens, R. G. (1991), Organizational behavior in education (4th ed.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Robbins, S. P. (1997), Managing today, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sergiovanni, T. J. (2006), The principalship: A reflective practice perspective (5th ed.), Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Southworth, G. (2004), Learning-centred leadership: How leaders influence what happens in classroom, Nottingham: National College for School Leadership. Spillane, J. P. (2005), Distributed leadership, The Educational Forum, 69(2), 143-150. Spillane, J. P. (2006), Distributed leadership, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Spillane, J. P., & Diamond, J. B. (2007), A distributed perspective on and in practice, In J. P. Spillane & J. B. Diamond (Eds.), Distributed leadership in practice , 146-166, New York: Teachers College Press. Spillane, J. P., Camburn, E. M., & Pareja, A. S. (2007), Taking a distributed perspective to the school principal’s workday, Leadership and Policy in Schools, 6(1), 103-125. Wart, M. V. (2005), Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice, New York: M. E. Sharpe. Waters, T., Marzano, R. J., & McNulty, B. (2003), Balanced leadership: What 30 years of research tells us about the effect of leadership on student achievement, Denver, CO: Mid-continent Research for Research for Education and Learning. Woods, P. A. (2005), Democratic leadership in education, London: Paul Chapman Publishing. Woods, P. A., Bennett, N., Harvey, J. A., & Wise, C. (2004), Variabilities and dualities in distributed leadership: Findings from a systematic literature review, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32(4), 439-457. Gronn, P. (2006), The significance of dietributed ldadership, Retreived October 12, 2007, from http://www.slc.edu.ubc.ca/eJournal/Issue7/Articals/DisLeadership_PeterGronn.pdf. Doyle, M. E., & Smith, M. K. (2001), Classical lerdership , the encyclopedia of informal education, Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http://www.infed.org/leadership/tra ditional_leadership.htm.

本文參考文獻資料：

林信榕 (2007), 校長領導與學校文化探究, 臺北市: 師大書苑.

賴志峰 (2008), 分佈式領導理論之探究—學校領導者、追隨者和情境的交互作用, 國民教育研究學報, 000(020), 0087-0113. 本資料庫收錄文章

Arrowsmith, T. (2005), Distributed leadership: Three questions, two answers, Management in Education, 19(2), 30-33.

Bennett, N., Wise, C., Woods, P., & Harvey, J. A. (2003), Distributed leadership: Summary report, Retrieved October 11, 2006, from http://www.ncsl.org.uk/mediastore/image2/bennett-distributed-leadership-summary.pdf.

Bennett, N., Wise, C., Woods, P., & Harvey, J. A. (2003), Distributed leadership: Full report, Nottingham, UK: National College for School Leadership.

Bryman, A. (1992), Charisma and leadership in organizations, London: SAGE.

Bush, T. (2003), Theories of educational leadership and management (3rd ed.), London: Paul Chapman.

Daft, R. L. (2005), The leadership experience (3rd ed.), Mason, OH: South-Western.

Dubrin, A. J. (2007), Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills (5th ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Elmore, R. F. (2003), A plea for strong practice, Educational Leadership, 61(3), 6-10.

Fiedler, F. E. (1973), The contingency model: A reply to Ashour, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 9(3), 356-368.

Friedman, A. A. (2004), Beyond mediocrity: Transformational leadership within a transactional framework, International Journal of Leadership in Education, 7(3), 203-224.

Fullan, M. (2007), Understanding change, In M. Fullan (Ed.), The Jossey-Bass reader on educational leadership (2nd ed.), 169-181, San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.

Goleman, D. (2002), The new leaders: Transforming the art of leadership into the science of results, London: Little Brown.

Gordon, Z. V. (2005), The effect of distributed leadership on student achievement, Central Connecticut State University, 博士論文, 未出版.

Hargreaves, A., & Fink, D. (2006), Sustainable leadership, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Harris, A. (2004), Distributed leadership and school improvement: Leading or misleading?, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32(1), 11-24.

Harris, A. (2007), Distributed leadership: Conceptual confusion and empirical reticence, International Journal of Leadership in Education, 10(3), 315-325.

Harrison, N. L. T. (2005), The impact of distributed leadership on teachers, Indiana University, 博士論文, 未出版.

Hartley, D. (2007), The emergence of distributed leadership in education: Why now?, British Journal of Educational Studies, 55(2), 202-214.

HayGroup. (2004), The five pillars of distributed leadership in schools, Nottingham: National College for School Leadership.

Hoerr, T. R. (2005), The art school leadership, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.

Jameson, J. (2006), Leadership in post compulsory education: Inspiring leaders of the future, London: David Fulton.

Lashway, L. (2003), Distributed leadership, Alexandria, VA: National Association of Elementary School Principals.

Leithwood, K. A., & Riehl, C. (2005), What do we already know about educational leadership?, In W. A. Firestone & C. Riehl (Eds.), A new agenda for research in educational leadership , 12-27, New York: Teachers College Press.

Lucia, R. T. (2004), Distributed leadership: An exploratory study, Florida Atlantic University, 博士論文, 未出版.

MacBeath, J., Oduro, G., & Waterhouse, J. (2004), Distributed leadership in action: A study of current practice in schools, Nottingham: National College for School Leadership.

Manning, G., & Curtis, K. (2007), The art of leadership (2nd ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill.

Marzano, R. J. (2005), School leadership that works: From research to results, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.

Muijs, D., & Harris, A. (2003), Teacher leadership-Improvement through empowerment? An overview of the literature, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 31(4), 437-448.

Oduro, G. K. T. (2004), Distributed leadership in schools, Education Journal, 80(), 23-25.

Offermann, L. R., & Scuderi, N. F. (2007), Sharing leadership: Who, what, when, and why, In B. Shamir, R. Pillai, & M. C. Bligh (Eds.), Follower-centered perspectives on leadership: A Tribute to the memory of James R. Meindl, 71-91, Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.

Owens, R. G. (1991), Organizational behavior in education (4th ed.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Robbins, S. P. (1997), Managing today, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Sergiovanni, T. J. (2006), The principalship: A reflective practice perspective (5th ed.), Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Southworth, G. (2004), Learning-centred leadership: How leaders influence what happens in classroom, Nottingham: National College for School Leadership.

Spillane, J. P. (2005), Distributed leadership, The Educational Forum, 69(2), 143-150.

Spillane, J. P. (2006), Distributed leadership, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Spillane, J. P., & Diamond, J. B. (2007), A distributed perspective on and in practice, In J. P. Spillane & J. B. Diamond (Eds.), Distributed leadership in practice , 146-166, New York: Teachers College Press.

Spillane, J. P., Camburn, E. M., & Pareja, A. S. (2007), Taking a distributed perspective to the school principal’s workday, Leadership and Policy in Schools, 6(1), 103-125.

Wart, M. V. (2005), Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice, New York: M. E. Sharpe.

Waters, T., Marzano, R. J., & McNulty, B. (2003), Balanced leadership: What 30 years of research tells us about the effect of leadership on student achievement, Denver, CO: Mid-continent Research for Research for Education and Learning.

Woods, P. A. (2005), Democratic leadership in education, London: Paul Chapman Publishing.

Woods, P. A., Bennett, N., Harvey, J. A., & Wise, C. (2004), Variabilities and dualities in distributed leadership: Findings from a systematic literature review, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32(4), 439-457.

Gronn, P. (2006), The significance of dietributed ldadership, Retreived October 12, 2007, from http://www.slc.edu.ubc.ca/eJournal/Issue7/Articals/DisLeadership_PeterGronn.pdf.

Doyle, M. E., & Smith, M. K. (2001), Classical lerdership , the encyclopedia of informal education, Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http://www.infed.org/leadership/tra ditional_leadership.htm.